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Gilbert Gerard (judge)
Sir Gilbert Gerard (died 4 February 1593) was a prominent lawyer, politician, and landowner of the Tudor period. He was returned six times as a member of the English parliament for four different constituencies. He was Attorney-General for more than twenty years during the reign of Elizabeth I, as well as vice-chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and later served as Master of the Rolls. He acquired large estates, mainly in Lancashire and Staffordshire.
==Background==
Gerard was born before 1523.〔(History of Parliament Online: Members 1509-1558 - GERARD, Gilbert (by 1523–93) - Author: R. J.W. Swales )〕 He was the son of James Gerard of Astley and Ince, Lancashire, who was descended from the Gerards of Bryn, Ashton in Makerfield, Lancashire, and Kingsley, Cheshire. The Gerard family had lived at Ince, near Wigan, since the late 14th century.〔(Victoria County History: Lancashire, Volume 4, Chapter 22 - Ince, s.2 - Manor ) This source also has a line drawing of the Gerard arms.〕 However, James was probably a younger son, so it was not expected that he or Gilbert would inherit the family estates.
The Gerard family became wealthy and distinguished in the reign of Elizabeth I, although Sir Gilbert was the most successful of them.〔 Owing to repeated use of the same names in the Gerard family, Sir Gilbert's relatives are easily confused. Sir Gilbert was a cousin of the distinguished judge and administrator Sir William Gerard, who ended his career as Lord Chancellor of Ireland.〔(History of Parliament Online: Members 1558-1603 - GERARD, William I (d.1581) - Author: N. M. Fuidge )〕 However, he also had a younger brother called William, who served as MP for Preston and Wigan and died in 1584,〔(History of Parliament Online: Members 1558-1603 - GERARD, William II (aft.1520-84) - Author: N. M. Fuidge )〕 and a nephew William by that brother, who also served as MP for Wigan and died in 1609.〔(History of Parliament Online: Members 1558-1603 - GERARD, William III (c.1551-1609) - Author: N.M.S. )〕 Still more confusing, Sir William, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland had a son called Gilbert, who served as MP for Chester in 1593.〔(History of Parliament Online: Members 1558-1603 - GERARD, Gilbert, of Chester. - Author: N.M.S. )〕
Gilbert's mother was Margaret Holcroft, daughter of John Holcroft of Holcroft, Lancashire. The Holcrofts were another rising landed gentry family. Margaret had two brothers: Sir John Holcroft and Sir Thomas Holcroft. Both distinguished themselves in the Anglo-Scottish Wars, served as MP for Lancashire, and profited from speculation in monastic lands at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, although it was Sir Thomas, the younger brother, who had the more successful and varied career, building up a substantial estate around the estates of the former Vale Royal Abbey.〔(History of Parliament Online: Members 1509-1558 - HOLCROFT, Sir Thomas (1505/6-58) - Author: R. J.W. Swales )〕 Sir John, heir to the family estates, speculated in wardships,〔(History of Parliament Online: Members 1509-1558 - HOLCROFT, Sir John (by 1498–1560) - Author: Alan Davidson )〕 and it was through one of these that Gilbert Gerard's marriage was arranged, to Anne Radcliffe or Ratcliffe. Sir John addressed Gerard as "cousin", a term also used for their relationship by the History of Parliament. "Cousin" was used in the 16th century more widely for blood relatives than in modern English: Sir John and Sir Thomas were Gerard's uncles.
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